![]() It is distinguished by the following features:įor headings, capital letters were still used (capitalis, uncial, mixed and ornamental forms). The Carolingian Miniscule is a shaped book script. Regional scripts were preserved for a long time in the peripheral areas. It was a new, clear, and uniform script that was introduced throughout the country under the reign of Charlemagne. The Carolingian Minuscule was created around 800 from balanced stylized elements of various predecessor scripts in the educational centers of the Carolingian Empire. On the other hand, some of their variants formed the basis for the next stage of Latin writing: The Carolingian minuscule. The early Carolingian minuscules of the 8th and 9th centuries, as writings of transition, gave rise to the next significant change: on the one hand, their numerous ligatures continued traditions of cursive writing from the late antiquity and their letterforms continued older minuscule scripts. R and s are very similar and easy to confuse. Especially obvious in the pointed script are the a (triangle shaped) and the f (with descenders and center line). Gallen, Fulda, Mainz, Würzburg, and Salzburg are classified by the rounded type. From the Insularis there is a strongly rounded type and later the cursive pointed script. Particularly noteworthy are the insular writings that originated in the Irish Anglo-Saxon area. ![]() The common feature of these scripts is that they further developed the Half-Uncial and the Roman cursive into minuscule scripts (for example: Lombard script, Visigothic minuscule, Beneventana). For this reason, historians of the 19th century called this time the «era of national scripts» (6th to the 11th centuries). The dissolution of the Roman empire led to a regional development in scripts.
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